Sense and Sensibility | Jane Austin | Cliff Note Books
“Sense and Sensibility” is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1811. It is a story of two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, who represent the “sense” and “sensibility” of the title, respectively.
After the death of their father, the Dashwood sisters and their mother are left in reduced circumstances due to the laws of inheritance of the time, which favor sons. They are invited by a distant relative, Sir John Middleton, to live in a cottage on his property in Devonshire, which they accept.
Elinor, the elder sister, is sensible, reserved, and prudent, while Marianne, the younger sister, is emotional, romantic, and spontaneous. Both sisters experience love, heartbreak, and eventual happiness in their own distinct ways.
Elinor falls in love with Edward Ferrars, a quiet, sensible man and the brother of her sister-in-law, Fanny. However, Edward is secretly engaged to Lucy Steele, a fact Lucy reveals to Elinor, imposing on her to keep it a secret. Elinor bears the pain of this secret with fortitude and discretion.
Marianne, on the other hand, falls head over heels for the charming, dashing, and unprincipled John Willoughby, who later callously abandons her. He goes on to engage himself to a wealthy heiress, leaving Marianne heartbroken.
The steady and honorable Colonel Brandon loves Marianne, but his love is unrequited initially due to his being much older and less passionate than the young Willoughby.
The novel concludes with both sisters finding happiness. Edward’s secret engagement is revealed to the Ferrars family, and he is disowned. However, Lucy Steele transfers her affections to Edward’s newly wealthy younger brother, Robert, freeing Edward to marry Elinor. Marianne eventually realizes the worth of the steadfast Colonel Brandon and accepts his proposal, coming to understand that the quiet constancy of his feelings for her is far more valuable than the passionate, but fleeting, affections of Willoughby.
“Sense and Sensibility” is a novel that explores themes of love, marriage, societal expectation, and the contrast between reason (sense) and emotion (sensibility).
QUOTES FROM SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
“To wish was to hope, and to hope was to expect.” – Elinor Dashwood
“We have neither of us anything to tell; you, because you do not communicate, and I, because I conceal nothing.” – Elinor Dashwood
“She was stronger alone, and her own good sense so well supported her, that her firmness was as unshaken, her appearance of cheerfulness as invariable, as with regrets so poignant and so fresh, it was possible to be.” – Narrator
“It isn’t what we say or think that defines us, but what we do.” – Elinor Dashwood
“To have no conversation, no common interests, to be neither ever seen together nor ever in company; to marry, as it were, in secret, and to shun acknowledgement of the ceremony, requires an impossibility of density which wit cannot have at command.” – Marianne Dashwood
“We have all a better guide in ourselves, if we would attend to it, than any other person can be.” – Elinor Dashwood
“My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.” – Edward Ferrars
“There is something so amiable in the prejudices of a young mind, that one is sorry to see them give way to the reception of more general opinions.” – Narrator
BIOGRAPHY OF JANE AUSTIN
Jane Austen was an English novelist born on December 16, 1775, in Steventon, Hampshire, England. She was the seventh of eight children in a close-knit family. Austen’s father, George Austen, was a clergyman, and her mother, Cassandra Leigh, came from a higher social class. Austen was particularly close to her sister, also named Cassandra, with whom she maintained a lifelong correspondence.
Austen received a primarily informal education at home, which included reading and exploring literature. Her father’s extensive library exposed her to a wide range of books, and she began writing at a young age, experimenting with various genres and styles. Her early works included plays, poems, and short stories.
In her early twenties, Austen began writing the novels for which she would become famous. Her novels often focused on the social and romantic lives of the English gentry, offering keen observations of manners, customs, and class distinctions. Austen’s works were characterized by wit, irony, and a sharp critique of the society in which she lived.
Despite her literary talent, Austen’s novels initially faced difficulty finding publishers. It was not until 1811 that her first novel, “Sense and Sensibility,” was published. This was followed by “Pride and Prejudice” (1813), “Mansfield Park” (1814), “Emma” (1815), “Northanger Abbey” and “Persuasion” (both published posthumously in 1818).
During her lifetime, Austen’s novels were published anonymously, and she received little public recognition for her work. However, her novels gradually gained popularity and critical acclaim in the years following her death. Austen’s writing style, social commentary, and memorable characters continue to resonate with readers today.
Austen never married and lived a relatively quiet and uneventful life. She resided with her family in various locations, including Bath and Chawton, where she wrote the majority of her novels. Austen’s health began to decline in her thirties, and she died on July 18, 1817, at the age of 41.
Although Austen’s literary career was relatively brief, her impact on the English literary tradition is significant. Her works have been adapted into numerous film and television adaptations, and her novels remain widely read and beloved for their timeless themes, sharp social commentary, and engaging storytelling. Jane Austen’s legacy as one of the most celebrated authors in English literature continues to endure to this day.
THEMES IN SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
Love and Relationships: The novel delves into different forms of love and their complexities. It examines romantic love, familial love, and friendships, exploring how societal expectations, class differences, and personal choices shape relationships.
Sense and Sensibility: The title itself suggests one of the central themes. The contrast between the rationality and practicality of “sense” (represented by Elinor Dashwood) and the emotional impulsiveness of “sensibility” (represented by Marianne Dashwood) serves as a recurring theme throughout the book. Austen explores the consequences of both excessive passion and excessive restraint.
Societal Expectations and Class: The novel delves into the constraints and expectations placed upon individuals by the rigid social structure of the time. It examines the limited choices and options available to women, particularly those of lower social status, and the impact of wealth and class on relationships and marriage.
Individual Autonomy and Independence: Austen explores the struggle for personal freedom and independence within societal constraints. Characters like Elinor and Marianne seek to assert their individuality and make choices that align with their own desires and values, rather than conforming to societal expectations.
Morality and Ethics: The novel delves into questions of morality and ethical behavior, particularly in matters of love, marriage, and personal integrity. Characters face dilemmas where their actions and decisions are guided by their own moral compass and principles.
Gender Roles and Women’s Agency: Austen challenges traditional gender roles and emphasizes the importance of women’s intelligence, strength, and agency. The novel portrays women who are intelligent, capable, and assertive, challenging societal expectations and seeking to make their own choices.
Appearance vs. Reality: Austen explores the contrast between appearances and reality, highlighting the importance of seeing beyond superficial qualities and societal facades. Characters are often not what they seem, and the novel encourages readers to look beneath the surface to discern true character and worth.
DISCUSSION WHEN STUDYING SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
The Role of Women: Discuss the portrayal of women in the novel and their limited agency within a patriarchal society. Consider the expectations placed on women, their constraints, and the ways in which female characters navigate these societal norms.
Sense vs. Sensibility: Examine the contrasting characteristics of Elinor and Marianne and their respective approaches to life. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each temperament and how Austen portrays the balance between reason and emotion.
Love and Marriage: Explore the different relationships and marriages depicted in the novel. Discuss the motivations behind characters’ choices, the role of financial considerations, and the impact of societal expectations on relationships.
Social Class: Analyze the role of social class in the novel. Discuss how it affects characters’ opportunities, relationships, and prospects for marriage. Examine the consequences of marrying within or outside one’s social class.
Satire and Irony: Austen employs satire and irony throughout the novel. Identify instances of satire and discuss their purpose. Explore how Austen uses irony to comment on societal norms, relationships, and character traits.
Sibling Relationships: Analyze the relationships between Elinor and Marianne, as well as other sibling pairs in the novel. Discuss the dynamics of sibling relationships, their influence on character development, and the ways in which siblings support or challenge each other.
Social Commentary: Discuss the social commentary embedded in the novel. Explore Austen’s critique of societal expectations, gender roles, and the treatment of women. Consider how Austen uses her characters and their experiences to make broader observations about society.
Character Development: Examine the growth and development of characters throughout the novel. Discuss the lessons they learn, the challenges they face, and how they evolve as individuals.
The Role of Money: Analyze the role of money and wealth in the novel. Discuss how financial considerations impact characters’ choices, relationships, and social standing. Consider how money intersects with social class and the pursuit of happiness.
Narrative Structure and Style: Explore Austen’s narrative choices, including her use of free indirect discourse, multiple perspectives, and shifting narrative focus. Discuss how these choices contribute to the themes and overall impact of the novel.
SUMMARY OF SENSE AND SENSIBILITY
Chapter 1: The Dashwood family, including Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters—Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret—are forced to leave their home, Norland Park, after the death of their father. They move to a cottage on the estate of a distant relative, Sir John Middleton.
Chapter 2: The Dashwoods settle into their new home, Barton Cottage. Elinor forms a friendship with Sir John’s mother-in-law, Mrs. Jennings. Marianne, with her passionate and romantic nature, becomes acquainted with Colonel Brandon, a quiet and reserved gentleman.
Chapter 3: The Dashwoods attend a dinner party at Barton Park, where they meet John and Fanny Dashwood, Mrs. Dashwood’s half-brother and his wife. John and Fanny are arrogant and show little sympathy for the Dashwood family’s reduced circumstances.
Chapter 4: Elinor becomes aware of her sister-in-law Fanny’s manipulative and condescending behavior. Elinor also learns that Fanny’s brother, Edward Ferrars, is visiting the area and will soon arrive at Barton Park.
Chapter 5: The Dashwood sisters visit Mrs. Jennings in London, where they attend various social engagements. Marianne becomes infatuated with the dashing and charming John Willoughby.
Chapter 6: Marianne and Willoughby spend more time together, growing closer. Meanwhile, Elinor develops a fondness for Edward Ferrars, who is kind and sensible.
Chapter 7: Marianne and Willoughby share a passionate exchange of poems and confessions of love. Elinor becomes concerned about their intense and reckless attachment.
Chapter 8: Marianne eagerly awaits a visit from Willoughby but is disappointed when he abruptly leaves for London. Marianne is heartbroken and sinks into despair.
Chapter 9: Elinor tries to console Marianne and encourages her to be cautious in matters of the heart. The Dashwoods receive an invitation to visit their wealthy relative, Sir John Middleton, at his estate in Devonshire.
Chapter 10: The Dashwoods arrive at Barton Park, where Marianne’s emotional state continues to decline. Elinor grows closer to Colonel Brandon, who reveals his own romantic past and his admiration for Marianne.
Chapter 11: Elinor and Marianne attend a party at Barton Park. Marianne is introduced to Colonel Brandon’s friend, Mr. Willoughby, who bears a striking resemblance to Marianne’s former love interest. Elinor suspects that there may be a connection between them.
Chapter 12: Elinor and Marianne receive an invitation to a party at Mr. Middleton’s home, Cleveland. Marianne becomes increasingly attracted to Mr. Willoughby, while Elinor continues to conceal her own affection for Edward Ferrars.
Chapter 13: The Dashwood sisters arrive at Cleveland. Marianne and Willoughby spend much time together, fueling Marianne’s romantic hopes. Elinor and Colonel Brandon observe their growing intimacy.
Chapter 14: Elinor learns from Colonel Brandon that Willoughby was once engaged to a young woman but abandoned her, causing her great pain. Marianne, unaware of this, remains infatuated with Willoughby.
Chapter 15: The Dashwoods receive a letter from Mrs. Dashwood, revealing that Fanny Dashwood has learned of Edward’s secret engagement to Lucy Steele. Elinor, shocked and heartbroken, keeps the news to herself.
Chapter 16: Edward unexpectedly visits Barton Cottage, and Elinor is forced to hide her emotions regarding his engagement to Lucy. Meanwhile, Marianne awaits a letter from Willoughby, who has left for London.
Chapter 17: Marianne receives a cold letter from Willoughby, who dismisses their previous relationship. She is devastated by his rejection and falls seriously ill. Elinor attends to her, fearing for her life.
Chapter 18: Elinor receives a surprise visit from Edward, who confesses that his engagement to Lucy Steele was an impulsive mistake. Elinor, overjoyed, keeps their reunion a secret.
Chapter 19: Marianne recovers from her illness, with her feelings for Willoughby transformed into bitter resentment. Colonel Brandon, witnessing Marianne’s pain, shares his own romantic history and his longstanding love for her.
Chapter 20: The Dashwoods leave Cleveland to return to Barton Cottage. Marianne, gradually accepting Colonel Brandon’s steady devotion, expresses gratitude for his care. Elinor silently rejoices in her renewed relationship with Edward.
Chapter 21: The Dashwood sisters return to Barton Cottage, where Elinor must continue concealing her relationship with Edward. Marianne becomes more appreciative of Colonel Brandon’s character and kindness.
Chapter 22: Lucy Steele arrives at Barton Park, revealing her secret engagement to Edward Ferrars. Elinor, shocked and hurt, is forced to witness their interaction while maintaining her composure.
Chapter 23: Marianne confides in Elinor about her changing feelings for Colonel Brandon and her desire to accept his marriage proposal. Elinor encourages her to follow her heart.
Chapter 24: Edward visits Barton Cottage and shares the news that he is no longer engaged to Lucy. He explains that Lucy has married his brother, Robert Ferrars. Elinor and Marianne are relieved by the turn of events.
Chapter 25: Marianne receives a letter from Willoughby, who attempts to explain his past actions and confesses his regret. Marianne remains unmoved by his words and tears the letter apart.
Chapter 26: Elinor and Marianne visit Mrs. Jennings in London. They attend social events, including a visit to the opera, where Marianne encounters Willoughby and remains composed.
Chapter 27: Elinor unexpectedly meets Lucy Ferrars in London and is surprised by her kindness and friendly demeanor. Lucy reveals that Edward is now free to marry Elinor, as she is aware of his love for her.
Chapter 28: Edward visits the Dashwoods in London and officially proposes to Elinor, who happily accepts. Marianne expresses her joy for her sister’s happiness.
Chapter 29: The Dashwoods return to Barton Cottage, where Elinor and Edward’s engagement is publicly announced. Marianne continues to build a deepening friendship with Colonel Brandon.
Chapter 30: The novel concludes with the marriages of Elinor and Edward, and Marianne and Colonel Brandon. The sisters find happiness and fulfillment, having learned valuable lessons about love, sensibility, and the importance of balanced judgment.
Chapter 31: Elinor and Edward settle into their married life at Delaford, a small estate they inherit. Marianne and Colonel Brandon, now married, reside at Barton Cottage. Elinor discovers that her mother has been in correspondence with Lucy Ferrars.
Chapter 32: Elinor learns from her mother’s letters that Lucy and Robert Ferrars have fallen out of favor with their wealthy aunt, Mrs. Ferrars. Lucy and Robert face financial difficulties.
Chapter 33: Edward receives a visit from Lucy, who seeks his assistance in securing Mrs. Ferrars’ forgiveness. Elinor is dismayed by Lucy’s presence but conceals her feelings.
Chapter 34: Elinor and Edward help Lucy financially, resolving her immediate troubles. The couple hopes that this assistance will free them from further obligations to Lucy and her family.
Chapter 35: The Dashwoods visit London, where they encounter Mrs. Ferrars and Robert. Elinor politely interacts with them, maintaining her composure despite her aversion to their company.
Chapter 36: Marianne becomes pregnant, and she and Colonel Brandon eagerly anticipate the arrival of their child. Elinor, meanwhile, learns of her sister-in-law Fanny’s pregnancy.
Chapter 37: Elinor receives a letter from her sister Margaret, who is now residing with their older sister, Mrs. John Dashwood. Margaret reveals that their sister-in-law Fanny is attempting to control their brother John’s inheritance.
Chapter 38: Edward’s younger brother, Robert, visits Elinor and Edward at Delaford. Elinor realizes that Robert is still under the influence of his ambitious wife, Lucy. Robert unintentionally reveals that Lucy has given birth to a child.
Chapter 39: Elinor and Edward discuss their financial situation and their desire to help John and Fanny Dashwood’s children. They plan to divide their inheritance more fairly among the family members.
Chapter 40: The novel concludes with the birth of Marianne and Colonel Brandon’s child. Elinor reflects on her family’s past struggles and the happiness they have found. The story emphasizes the importance of enduring love, personal growth, and the rewards of a balanced approach to life.